A simple analogy that utilises a desk to explain how a computer works. I’m sure there is plenty to expand on here!
CPU (Processor)
How fast you can work at your desk. A faster CPU means more tasks done in less time.
RAM (Memory)
How much space you have on your desk. More RAM means more things you can work on at once.
Storage (HDD or SSD)
A filing cabinet next to the desk. Used to store everything you’re not using right now. An SSD is just a faster opening and closing file cabinet.
Cache (Swapfile?)
A notepad in your hand. Super quick access for the things you’re working on right this second.